What is the definition of negative reinforcement in behavior modification?

Negative reinforcement in behavior modification refers specifically to the process whereby an unpleasant stimulus is removed when a desired behavior occurs, thereby increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future. This concept is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which posits that behaviors can be encouraged or discouraged through the use of rewards or punishments.

In this context, the removal of something unpleasant serves as a motivator for the individual to engage in the desired behavior. For example, if an employee completes a task before a deadline and is allowed to leave work early as a result, the removal of the obligation to stay late acts as negative reinforcement.

The other options relate to different concepts: providing a reward for desired behavior describes positive reinforcement, introducing a pleasant stimulus for undesired behavior does not align with established behavior modification principles and could confuse the effects of reinforcement, while administering punishment pertains to actions taken to discourage undesired behavior rather than reinforce the desired behavior.