What characterizes preconventional moral development?

Preconventional moral development is characterized by a focus on self-interest and the consequences of actions. In this stage, individuals make decisions primarily based on external rewards or punishments rather than internalized moral principles or understanding of societal norms. This means that behavior is guided by the desire to avoid negative outcomes or to gain positive reinforcement.

For instance, a child might decide not to steal a cookie because they fear getting scolded, or they might share a toy to receive praise from an adult. Such decisions are inherently self-centered and do not consider the broader implications or ethical considerations beyond personal gain or loss. This understanding of preconventional moral reasoning highlights its foundational nature, where moral decision-making is largely influenced by external factors rather than a principled stance on right or wrong.